Vaccination And Immunization – Similarities and Differences

Vaccination, also known as immunization, is a medical process in which a person is intentionally given a vaccine, which is a biological preparation containing a weakened, killed, or modified form of a disease-causing microorganism (such as a bacterium or virus) or its components.

Why to give Vaccination?

Generally, the purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize and develop immunity against the targeted microorganism without causing the actual disease.

1. Prevention of Disease:

Generally, Vaccination is primarily used as a preventive measure against various infectious diseases.

Further, it helps the body develop immunity so that if a person is later exposed to the disease-causing microorganism, their immune system can quickly recognize and fight it off, reducing the risk of infection and the severity of the illness.

2. Vaccines Contain Antigens:

Usually, vaccines contain antigens, which are substances that can stimulate an immune response.

Now, antigens in vaccines are either weakened or inactivated forms of the disease-causing microorganism or components of it (e.g., proteins or sugars).

2. Immune Response:

When a vaccine is administered, the immune system recognizes the antigens as foreign invaders and produces specific antibodies and immune cells to target them.

The immune system “learns” to recognize these antigens, providing a memory of the microorganism without causing the actual disease.

4. Immunization Schedule:

Vaccination typically involves a series of shots or doses given at specific intervals. These schedules ensure that individuals, particularly infants and children, receive vaccines appropriately to establish long-lasting immunity.

5. Herd Immunity:

Widespread vaccination in a community can lead to herd immunity, where a sufficient portion of the population becomes immune to a disease, making it difficult for the disease to spread.

This indirectly protects those who cannot be vaccinated, such as individuals with certain medical conditions.

Examples of Common Vaccines:

Here are just a few examples of common vaccines used to prevent various infectious diseases.

Moreover, vaccination is a crucial component of public health, helping to control and prevent the spread of these diseases and protect individuals and communities.

However, the availability and recommendations for these vaccines may vary by region and age group.

Here are Common vaccines such as:

• Polio Vaccine
• Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP/Tdap) Vaccine
• Influenza Vaccine (Flu Shot)
• Hepatitis B Vaccine
• Pneumococcal Vaccine
• Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib) Vaccine
• Chickenpox (Varicella) Vaccine
• Hepatitis A Vaccine
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
• Meningococcal Vaccine
• Rotavirus Vaccine
• Tuberculosis (TB) Vaccine (BCG)
• Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccine
• Yellow Fever Vaccine

How does a Vaccination Work?

Usually, vaccines work by stimulating the body’s immune system to recognize and develop defences against specific disease-causing microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, without causing the actual disease. Here’s how vaccines work in the body:

Introduction of Antigens:

When a vaccine is administered, it contains antigens, which are substances from the disease-causing microorganism or components of it.

Now, these antigens can be weakened, killed, or modified by microorganisms or their proteins, sugars, or genetic material.

Immune Response Initiation:

The body’s immune system recognizes these antigens as foreign invaders and mounts an immune response. Here, the primary goal of this response is to eliminate the invading antigens.

Production of Antibodies:

The immune system produces specific proteins called antibodies tailored to bind to and neutralize the antigens from the vaccine.

Additionally, these antibodies are crucial in the immune response against the targeted disease.

Memory Cells Formation:

Usually, the immune system also generates memory cells, specifically memory B and T cells. Further, these cells “remember” the antigens from the vaccine.

If the person is later exposed to the disease-causing microorganism, the memory cells can quickly recognize it and initiate a swift immune response.

Immunity Development:

Over time, the immune system builds immunity against the targeted disease.

If the vaccinated individual is exposed to the actual disease, their immune system is prepared to respond effectively, often preventing infection or reducing the severity of the disease.

Preventing Disease Spread:

Usually, widespread vaccination in a population can lead to herd immunity. This means that a significant portion of the community becomes immune to the disease, making it challenging to spread.

Further, this indirectly protects those who cannot be vaccinated, such as individuals with certain medical conditions. Undoubtedly, vaccines are extensively tested for safety and efficacy before they are approved for public use.

The antigens in vaccines are carefully selected and formulated to protect against disease.

Besides, vaccination has been a crucial public health tool in preventing and controlling infectious diseases and reducing illness, hospitalization, and death from preventable diseases.

Adverse Effects Of  Vaccination:

Generally, Vaccinations, like any medical intervention, can have side effects. It’s important to note that most vaccine side effects are mild and temporary, which is a sign that the body is building protection against the targeted disease.

Additionally, Serious side effects are rare.

Pain or Swelling at the Injection Site:

This is one of the most common side effects. It’s usually mild and can be managed with a cold compress and over-the-counter pain relievers, if necessary.

Redness at the Injection Site:

Some vaccines may cause redness or mild inflammation at the injection site. This usually resolves on its own.

Low-Grade Fever:

A slight increase in body temperature is a common side effect. It typically occurs within a few days of vaccination and is often a sign that the body responds to the vaccine.

Fatigue & Headache:

Feeling tired or fatigued is another mild side effect. Rest and hydration can help alleviate this. While some people may experience a mild headache after vaccination.

Muscle or Joint Pain:

Vaccines, particularly those with multiple components, can cause muscle or joint discomfort. This is generally temporary and can be managed with rest and over-the-counter pain relievers.

Chills & Nausea:

Feeling chilled or having shivering spells is an infrequent side effect. While some people may experience mild nausea, it’s not common.

Allergic Reactions:

However, severe allergic reactions to vaccines are extremely rare. Usually, signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, rapid heartbeat, and dizziness, require immediate medical attention.

Further, swelling of the lymph nodes (glands) in the neck, underarms, or groin is a rare side effect and is usually temporary.

It’s important to remember that the risk of serious side effects from vaccines is far lower than the risk of serious complications from the diseases they protect against.

Additionally, most people who receive vaccines do not experience any significant side effects beyond mild and temporary discomfort.

If you or your child experiences any unusual or severe symptoms after vaccination, it’s important to contact a healthcare provider.

Sometimes, these symptoms may not be related to the vaccine, and a healthcare professional can provide guidance and evaluation.

Difference Between Vaccination And Immunization

Aspect	Vaccination	Immunization
Definition	The process of administering a vaccine, which contains weakened, killed, or modified forms of disease-causing microorganisms or their components.	The state of being protected against a specific disease after the immune system responds to a vaccine.
Objective	To stimulate the immune system and initiate an immune response without causing the disease.	To establish immunity, where the immune system has memory and defence mechanisms to protect against a specific disease.
Timing	Occurs when receiving a vaccine (e.g., getting a flu shot or any other vaccine).	Occurs after vaccination and takes time for the immune system to develop protection.
Action	The action or event of getting vaccinated often involves the injection of a vaccine.	The result of the immune system’s response to vaccination indicates protection against the disease.
Role	Initiates the immunisation process by preparing the immune system to recognize and respond to a specific pathogen.	This signifies that the individual has developed immunity against the targeted disease, either preventing infection or reducing the disease’s severity.

Frequently Asked Question

Final Thoughts

Lastly, vaccination has been one of the most significant advancements in public health, as it has helped to control and prevent the spread of many contagious diseases, leading to reduced illness, hospitalization, and death.

Additionally, it is a crucial tool in global efforts to combat infectious diseases and protect public health.